It warns that paedophiles might be able to access details of children who had revealed they were vulnerable.
Ofsted said the information was useful to improve services and was anonymised.
The survey - called Tellus2 - has been completed by 120,000 school children across England in the past few weeks.
Primary and secondary schools have taken part on a voluntary basis, selecting classes in Years 6, 8 and 10 to take part.
Ofsted says it a valuable tool for getting the views of children, which will help monitor how local authorities are performing and inform decisions on service provision.
The poll covers many aspects of a child's life, from their health and diet to what they think of local amenities and whether they have been bullied.
It has already attracted criticism from teachers' and head teachers' representatives for asking children whether they had had a drink or lived in single parent households.
